Can An Animal Have Leucism And Albinism
Leucistic white lions owe their colouring to a recessive allele. Note the eyes and lips remain the normal colour. Studies accept shown that the reduced pigment comes from a mutation in the gene for tyrosinase, the aforementioned equally causes Type I oculocutaneous albinism in humans.[1]
A leucistic stone pigeon. Both the eyes and legs are even so of the normal colour.
Leucism ()[2] [3] [four] is a wide variety of conditions that event in the partial loss of pigmentation in an animal—causing white, stake, or patchy coloration of the skin, hair, feathers, scales, or cuticles, but not the eyes.[iv] It is occasionally spelled leukism. Some genetic conditions that result in a "leucistic" appearance include piebaldism, Waardenburg syndrome, vitiligo, Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, isabellinism, axanthism, amelanism, and Melanophilin mutations. Pale patches of skin, feathers, or fur (oftentimes referred to equally "depigmentation") can too event from injury.[5]
Details [edit]
Leucism is oftentimes used to describe the phenotype that results from defects in pigment jail cell differentiation and/or migration from the neural crest to pare, pilus, or feathers during development. This results in either the entire surface (if all paint cells fail to develop) or patches of trunk surface (if but a subset are defective) having a lack of cells that tin can make pigment.
Since all pigment jail cell-types differentiate from the aforementioned multipotent precursor cell-blazon, leucism can cause the reduction in all types of pigment. This is in contrast to albinism, for which leucism is often mistaken. Albinism results in the reduction of melanin production only, though the melanocyte (or melanophore) is withal present. Thus in species that have other pigment prison cell-types, for instance xanthophores, albinos are not entirely white, but instead display a pale yellow color.
More common than a consummate absence of paint cells is localized or incomplete hypopigmentation, resulting in irregular patches of white on an creature that otherwise has normal coloring and patterning. This partial leucism is known equally a "pied" or "piebald" effect; and the ratio of white to normal-colured skin tin vary considerably not only between generations, only between different offspring from the same parents, and fifty-fifty between members of the same litter. This is notable in horses, cows, cats, dogs, the urban crow[7] and the ball python[eight] just is besides institute in many other species.
Due to the lack of melanin production in both the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and iris, those affected by albinism sometimes take pink pupil due to the underlying blood vessels showing through. Withal, this is non e'er the case and many albino animals practice not have pink pupils.[ix] The common belief that all albinos take pink pupils results in many albinos being incorrectly labeled as 'leucistic'. The neural crest disorders that cause leucism do not result in pink pupils and therefore nearly leucistic animals take ordinarily colored optics. This is considering the melanocytes of the RPE practise not derive from the neural crest. Instead, an out-pouching of the neural tube generates the optic cup that, in turn, forms the retina. As these cells are from an independent developmental origin, they are typically unaffected by the genetic cause of leucism.
Genetics [edit]
Genes that, when mutated, can cause leucism include c-kit,[10] mitf [11] and EDNRB.[12]
Etymology [edit]
The terms leucistic and leucism are derived from the stalk leuc- + -ism, from Latin leuco- in turn derived from Greek leukos meaning white.
Examples in nature [edit]
Leucism has been noted in a number of fauna species, including:
- New World Monkeys
- Ring-tailed lemur
- European mole
- Hedgehog
- Kermode bear
- White buffalo
- White horse
- Kenyan white giraffe
- Seneca white deer
- Leucistic giraffes in Kenya (14 Dec 2017)[13]
- White stag
- American Alligator
- Moose[xiv]
- Killer whale
- King cobra
- Mute swan, 'Polish swan', Cygnus olor morpha immutabilis [15]
- Black-billed magpie
- Crow
An American crow with leucism. The wings are whiter than the rest of the trunk, and the eyes and bill are black.
- Penguin
- English magpie
- Atlantic puffin[16]
- American rhea
- Ostrich
- Emu
- Indian peafowl
- Rock pigeon
- White squirrel
- Fur seal
- Axolotl
- Echidna
- Koala
- Wombat
- Wallaby
- Kangaroo
- Cuscus
- Ringtail possum
- Brushtail possum
- Virginia opossum
- Asian palm civet
- Binturong
- Indian greyness mongoose
- Wolf
- Coyote
- Jackal
- Cherry fox
- Raccoon canis familiaris
- Common raccoon
- Ringtail true cat
- Striped skunk
- European annoy
- European polecat
- Ferret
- Otter
- Sable
- Fisher
- Tayra
- Lynx
- Serval
- White lion
- White tiger
- Reed bunting
- Common grackle
- Red-tailed hawk
- Texas rat serpent
- Long-finned oscar
Examples in fiction and mythology [edit]
- Moby Dick
- White stag
- The White Giraffe
- Kimba the White Lion
- Father of the Pride
- Kung Fu Panda two
Gallery [edit]
-
Leucistic mute swan cygnet (Cygnus olor) compared to a non-leucistic cygnet. This colour morph of the mute swan is also referred to every bit a 'Polish swan', written as C. olor morpha immutabilis.
-
See as well [edit]
- Albino and white squirrels
- Amelanism
- Dyschromia
- Erythrism
- Heterochromia iridum
- Albinism
- Melanism
- Piebaldism
- Vitiligo
- Xanthochromism
References [edit]
- ^ Cho, Yun Sung; Hu, Li; Hou, Haolong; Lee, Hang; Xu, Jiaohui; Kwon, Soowhan; Oh, Sukhun; Kim, Hak-Min; Jho, Sungwoong; Kim, Sangsoo; Shin, Young-Ah (2013-09-17). "The tiger genome and comparative assay with panthera leo and snow leopard genomes". Nature Communications. 4 (ane): 2433. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2433C. doi:10.1038/ncomms3433. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC3778509. PMID 24045858.
- ^ "leucistic". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford Academy Printing. Retrieved Jan 9, 2016.
- ^ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Entire Dictionary , Merriam-Webster.
- ^ a b "leucism". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English language Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.
- ^ "Depigmentation of Pare: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Handling". MedicineNet . Retrieved 2020-06-23 .
- ^ chemport.cas.org https://chemport.cas.org/cgi-bin/sdcgi?APP=ftslink&activity=reflink&origin=npg&version=1.0&coi=1:CAS:528:DC%252BC3sXotlGksbg%253D&md5=1ee737efa06deefbbb993e3412a921a0. Retrieved 2020-06-23 . CS1 maint: url-status (link)
- ^ White crows at Cornell University.
- ^ Piebald ball pythons at Constrictors.com (archived 9 October 2006, from the original, accessed 18–22 July 2006).
- ^ "Oculocutaneous Albinism". NORD (National System for Rare Disorders) . Retrieved 2020-06-23 .
- ^ Coat color, dominant white at Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals.
- ^ An L1 element intronic insertion in the blackness-eyed white (Mitf[mi-bw]) gene: the loss of a single Mitf isoform responsible for the pigmentary defect and inner ear deafness at Man Molecular Genetics.
- ^ Waardenburg syndrome at Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology (archived 26 December 2005, from the original, accessed 18–22 July 2006).
- ^ Johnson, Thomas (14 September 2017). "Rare white giraffes spotted in Republic of kenya". Washington Mail. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
- ^ "Skogens vita konung (eng. "The White King of the Woods") - documentary tv set programme". Swedish Tv. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
- ^ Taylor, Moss (January 2018). "The Polish swan in Britain & Republic of ireland". British Birds. 111 (i): 10–24.
- ^ "Rare white puffin spotted on Scottish island". BBC News. July 2021. Retrieved one July 2021.
- ^ Ritland, Kermit; Newton, Craig; Marshall, H. Dawn (2001-09-18). "Inheritance and population construction of the white-phased "Kermode" black conduct". Current Biological science. 11 (xviii): 1468–1472. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00448-ane. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 11566108. S2CID 15846139.
- ^ Peters, Lucy; Humble, Emily; Kröcker, Nicole; Fuchs, Birgit; Forcada, Jaume; Hoffman, Joseph I. (2016-07-22). "Born blonde: a recessive loss‐of‐part mutation in the melanocortin 1 receptor is associated with cream coat coloration in Antarctic fur seals". Ecology and Evolution. vi (16): 5705–5717. doi:10.1002/ece3.2290. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC4983585. PMID 27547348.
External links [edit]
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Media related to Leucism at Wikimedia Commons
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucism
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